In
Vitro Licicidal
Activity of Different Roots and Leaves Extract of Enicostema axillare (Gentianaceae).
1PB Aswar*, 1SS Khadabadi, 2BS Kuchekar ,1R Dhage
and 1SP Deshmukh
1Government
ABSTRACT
Enicostema axillare is well
known for its anthelmintic
and bacterial activity. In present study dried leaves and roots of Enicostema axillare were
subjected to exhaustic sequential extraction with
four solvent i.e.-hexane, chloroform, methanol and distilled water
respectively. All four extracts were studied for in vitro licicidal activity using
goat-lice Damalinia caprae (Trichodectidae) as experimental organism. Only n-hexane and
chloroform fractions showed statistically significant licicidal
activity (p value <0.001, n = 5). Decrease in mean time required to kill the
lice was observed at concentration 1% w/w and 10% w/w when compared to 1% lindane solution.
KEYWORDS: Enicostema axillare leaves and roots, licicidal
activity.
INTRODUCTION:
Enicostema axillare (Gentianaceae) in
The aim of present work was to evaluate licicidal
activity of different extracts obtained by exhaustive sequential extraction of Enicostema axillare root and leaves by using in vitro
method. Feeding habit and anatomy of goat lice Damalinia caprae closely resemble human head-lice Pediculus humanus (capitis) hence goat lice was selected and used as
experimental organism. 1% lindane topical lotion is
commonly used as a synthetic insecticide to treat lice infestation hence licicidal activity of Enicostema axillare was compared with lindane.
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
Plant Material:
The plant of Enicostema axillare was collected from
Extraction:
The plant material
(leaves and roots) were dried for several days under shadow and powdered with
the help of an electric grinder. It was air dried and exhaustively extracted in
soxhelet apparatus successively by using chloroform,
n-hexane, methanol and distilled water. Each time marc was dried at 45˚C
and solvent was evaporated at 45˚Cto get respective extract.
Finally the dried marc was boiled with distilled water
for 30 minutes, filtered and filtrate was evaporated at 45˚C to obtained solid aqueous extract.
Table 1: Effect of Enicostema axillare on goat
-lice Damalinic caprae .
|
Group |
Treatment |
Mean Time in Minutes ± S.E.M. |
|
Group 1 |
0.1 % w/w
n-Hexane extract test solution |
154* ± 1.87 |
|
Group 2 |
1 % w/w
n-Hexane extract test solution |
66* ± 3.00 |
|
Group 3 |
10 % w/w
n-Hexane extract test solution |
34* ± 3.00 |
|
Group 4 |
0.1 % w/w
Chloroform extract test solution |
168* ± 2.55 |
|
Group 5 |
1 % w/w
Chloroform extract test solution |
84* ± 1.87 |
|
Group 6 |
10 % w/w
Chloroform extract test solution |
46* ± 2.24 |
|
Group 7 |
0.1 % w/w
Methanol extract test solution |
255* ± 1.87 |
|
Group 8 |
1 % w/w
Methanol extract test solution |
No Effect on
motility and mortality |
|
Group 9 |
10 % w/w
Methanol extract test solution |
No Effect on
motility and mortality |
|
Group 10 |
0.1 % w/w
Aqueous extract test solution |
No Effect on
motility and mortality |
|
Group 11 |
1 % w/w
Aqueous extract test solution |
No Effect on
motility and mortality |
|
Group 12 |
10 % w/w
Aqueous extract test solution |
No Effect on
motility and mortality |
|
Group 13 |
1 % w/w Lindane
solution ( standard ) |
94* ± 5.25 |
n = 5 in each group. Values are Mean
time in minutes at which lice were considered dead ± S.E.M. *p value < 0.01
Test Solutions:
0.1,1,10 % w/w of test solutions of
n-hexane extract and chloroform extract
were separately prepared in coconut oil. 0.1, 1, 10 % w/w of test solutions of
methanol extract and aqueous extract were separately prepared in distilled water.
Standard solution:
1% w/w lindane
solution.
Experimental Organism:
Goat-lice Damalinia caprae (Trichodectidae)
were collected from healthy goat located in Amravati (MS).In an earlier
observation independent of present study the lice were found to remain live for
24-48 hours when removed and kept away from host body.
Experimental procedure:
This was carried out by modifying a
method used by Pollack et al. (1999). A 25 ml capacity glass beaker was taken.
A filter paper disc coinciding with internal diameter of the beaker was cut
.0.15 ml test solution was applied as thin layer on filter paper disc at the
bottom of beaker. A group of 5 lice was placed over the disc and observed for
motility and death time through magnifying glass. The time in minute at which
each lice became immobilize was noted down.
The immobilized lice were taken out,
placed on on fresh dry filter paper and observed for
6 hours at interval of 30 minutes. The lice which did not show movement during
this period were considered dead at the time when these were became immobile.
Same procedure was carried out for each test solution and standard solution.
Statistical Analysis:
Separate group of 5 lice was assigned
to each test solution and standard drug hence n = 5. All the value expressed as
Mean ± S.E.M. The data was analysed by test. P value
< 0.01 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Methanol and aqueous extracts not
showed licicidal activity. Values of mean time in
minute at which lice became immobilized and considered dead on treatment with
n- hexane extract, chloroform extract and standard drug lindane
are given are given in table 1.Both n-hexane and chloroform extracts showed
significant decrease in the mean time required to kill lice with 1% and 10%
concentration where as increase in the mean time was observed with 0.1 %
concentration when compared to 1% lindane. n-hexane
extracts at all concentration 0.1,1 and 10%w/w.Thus from the present study it
is evident that leaves and roots of Enicostema axillare contain chemical constituents responsible for licicidal property and the constituents are predominately
soluble in n-Hexane.
In future by using n-hexane and
chloroform leaves and roots extracts of Enicostema axillare herbal lotions or shampoos can be formulated
which will be substitute for traditional chemical and synthetic antilice formulations available in market which may be
economic and side effects free. As the formulations available in markets showed
various side effects and adverse reactions and expensive.
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Received on
02.09.2009
Accepted on
07.10.2009
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Research
Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry. 1(3): Nov. – Dec. 2009, 238-239